A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of the Structured Teaching Programme on the Knowledge regarding blood Donation among the college going Students of the selected Colleges of Ludhiana, Punjab

 

Ms. Amandeep Kaur¹, Ms. Rehana Ahad², Ms. Minakshi Modgill³, Ms. Mitushi Masih³, Ms. Navjit Kaur³, Ms. Navjot Kaur³, Ms. Parampreet Kaur³, Ms. Paramveer Kaur³, Ms. Parveen Kaur Handa³, Ms. Poonam Sharma³, Prabhdeep Kaur³, Ms. Prabhjot Kaur³, Ms. Rajdeep Kaur³, Ms. Rajni³

¹Lecturer, Institute of Nursing Education, GTBS (C) Hospital, Ludhiana

²Tutor, Institute of Nursing Education, GTBS (C) Hospital, Ludhiana

³B.Sc. (Nursing) IV Year Students, Institute of Nursing Education, GTBS (C) Hospital, Ludhiana

 

ABSTRACT:

A descriptive study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on blood donation among the college going students of selected colleges of Ludhiana, Punjab. A quasi experimental study with single group pretest-posttest design was conducted on a total of 50 college going students. Structured Teaching Programme on blood donation was developed. Based on Structured Teaching Programme, a Self Structured Questionnaire was prepared to assess the pretest-posttest knowledge scores of study subjects regarding blood donation. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were used for data analysis. Findings of the study revealed that the mean posttest knowledge scores (23.78) of subjects regarding blood donation were significantly (p<0.01) higher than their pretest knowledge scores (12.64) after administration of Structured Knowledge Programme. In pre-test, maximum 28 (56%) of subjects has average knowledge scores followed by 19 (38%) which were having poor knowledge scores and 2 (4%) who had very poor knowledge scores. Only 1 (2%) had good knowledge score. None of the subject had very good knowledge score in pretest. After administration of Structured Teaching Programme, the level of post knowledge score of subjects increased as in post-test 24 (48%) of subjects students achieved very good knowledge scores followed by 20 (40%) who had good level of knowledge scores. Only 6 (12%) had average knowledge scores. None of the subjects had poor or very poor level of knowledge scores. There were no statistically significant (p>0.05) association between the posttest knowledge scores of the subjects on blood donation and their birth order in the family, habitat, type of family and monthly family income. Hence, administration of Structured Teaching Programme on blood donation was very effective on college going students.

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Blood donation is one of the most crucial and foremost among all the donations. Human blood is universally recognized as the most precious element that sustains life. It is one of the most significant contributions that a person can make towards the society. The blood that is given to someone helps them to live a healthy life and the blood that one donates forms again in the body. There is no substitute for blood. Therefore, blood donation is truly "a gift of life" that a healthy individual can give to others who are sick or injured.

 

Blood donation refers to the process of collecting, testing, preparing and storing whole blood and blood components intended primarily for transfusion. There are three types of blood donors: voluntary unpaid donors, family/replacement donors and paid donors. An adequate and reliable supply of safe blood can be assured by a stable base of regular, voluntary, unpaid blood donors. These donors are also the safest group of donors as the prevalence of blood borne infections is lowest among this group. Hence, voluntary blood donation is considered as backbone of blood safety and safe transfusion practices.

 

To raise awareness of the need for safe blood and blood products, and to thank blood donors for their voluntary, life-saving gifts of blood, countries around the world celebrate World Blood Donor Day every year on 14 June. The theme for Blood Donation Day in 2018 is “Be there for someone else. Give blood. Share life.” ¹ The theme of this year’s campaign is blood donation as an action of solidarity. It highlights the fundamental human values of altruism, respect, empathy and kindness which underline and sustain voluntary unpaid blood donation systems. It draws attention to the roles that voluntary donation systems play in encouraging people to care for one another and generate social ties and a united community.

 

Adequate and safe blood supply is a demanding challenge in India today. Despite being a nation with a population of over 1.2 billion, India faces a blood shortage. Every few seconds, someone, somewhere needs blood. With more than 1200 road crashes occurring every day in India, 60 million trauma induced surgeries are performed in the country every year. The 230 million major operations, 331 million cancer related procedures like chemotherapy and 10 million pregnancy complications all require blood transfusion. Besides this, patients being treated for sickle cell anemia, thalassemia and haemophilia require large quantities of blood daily.² In many cases, people lose their life because of insufficient blood availability.

 

Blood loss is one of the major emergency conditions that require the blood to be transfused immediately. In India, the number of voluntary blood donors increased from 54.4% in 2006-2007 to 83.1% in 2011-2012, with the number of blood units increasing from 4.4 million units in 2006-2007 to 9.3 million units in 2012-2013. In 2016, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India reported a donation of 10.9 million units against a requirement of 12 million units. ³

 

There are number of reasons for this insufficient blood availability. First and foremost, the only source of blood is by blood donation. There is no substitute of blood till date and hence, it cannot be manufactured. Secondly, only a small percentage of the eligible population actually chooses to donate blood on a regular basis and out of this, a significant percentage of eligible donors are deferred temporarily or permanently because of strict deferral criteria of blood safety. Further, in 1998, professional blood donors are banned.⁴ Advertisement:Resume Ad However; this ban has prevented unsafe blood donations where often people contaminated with communicable diseases appeared for paid donation frequently.

 

According to health ministry data, India discards over a million units of blood collected every year. This is despite facing a severe blood shortage as only 9.9 million units are collected against the estimated annual requirement of 10-12 million units. The reasons for collected blood having to be discarded include deterioration during storage and expiry due to outdating. The largest chunk of the wasted units is plasma, which could be used for various life-saving treatments. According to the World Health Organization, a unit of blood (450 ml) can potentially save at least three lives. ⁵ Moreover; blood can be stored for a limited time period and hence, blood banks need a steady and constant collection. Therefore, patients who require blood transfusion do not have timely access to blood.

 

According to World Health Organization (WHO), young people should be the special target group for blood donation because they form a great part of the population and are generally full of zeal and enthusiasm. Young students are healthy, active, dynamic and receptive. They represent the potential blood donor population pool of tomorrow. Hence, these young students have to be encouraged, inspired and motivated to donate blood voluntarily on regular basis.

 

From the personal experience of investigators, Ignorance, lack of knowledge, safety worries, fear of physical harm and misconceptions about blood donation are the principal factors discouraging non-donors from donating blood. Hence, providing educative services to the young people is one of the major responsibilities of nurse.

 

 

Keeping in mind that there is no substitute of blood till date, the increased demand of blood (due to increase in population along with increase in life expectancy rate and associated increase in accidents, surgeries, malignancies etc.), presence of misconceptions about blood donation; investigators felt that a research study should be conducted to impart knowledge regarding blood donation among the college going students of the selected colleges of Ludhiana, Punjab.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Objectives:

a)       To evaluate the effectiveness of the Structured teaching programme regarding the knowledge of blood donation among the college going students.

b)       To find out the association between the selected demographic variables and knowledge about blood donation among the college going students.

 

HYPOTHESIS:

H₁: There will be significant difference in the posttest knowledge scores as compared to pretest knowledge scores among the college going students related to blood donation.

H₀: There will be no statistically significant association between the levels of posttest knowledge scores of the college going students in relation to the selected demographic variables.               

 

METHODOLOGY:

A Quasi-experimental approach was adopted to conduct the present study to assess the effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on blood donation. A single group, pretest-posttest design was employed to carry out the study. The study was conducted at Institute of Nursing Education, Guru Teg Bahadur Sahib (C) Hospital, Model Town, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Target population of the study was all the college-going students studying in Institute of Nursing Education, Guru Teg Bahadur Sahib (C) Hospital, Model Town, Ludhiana, Punjab available in the month of June 2018. A total of 50 college going students from B.Sc. (Nursing) I year were taken. Simple random sampling technique was adopted to select the study subjects.

 

For the purpose of conducting this study, a teaching tool i.e. Structured Teaching Programme on the blood donation for college going students was developed as well as a knowledge assessment tool/questionnaire was developed based on structured teaching to evaluate the pretest and posttest knowledge scores.

 

Prior to the development of the tool expert consultation was sought from the field of nursing. Questionnaire to assess knowledge of college going students on blood donation consist of two parts: Part A- It consisted seven items of demographic data (1-7); Part B- It included 30 (thirty) multiple choice questions, each having 4 (four) alternatives, with 3 (three) distracters and 1 (one) correct answer to assess the knowledge of college going students on blood donation. Questionnaire contains 30 questions and each carry one mark. Hence, the total score of the questionnaire ranged from 0-30. Score 1 (one) was assigned to the correct response and 0 (zero) to the incorrect response. According to the scores obtained by the study subjects, they were categorized into very good (25-30), good (19-24), average (13-18), poor (7-12) and very poor (0-6) level of knowledge. Before conducting the final study, a pilot study was conducted on 5 (10%) subjects during the month of May 2018 to find out the practicability & feasibility of the tool.

 

The reliability of the questionnaire was conducted on 5 subjects. Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation was used to determine the correlation between the test and retest and it was found to be “r=0.92” which was highly significant. The data was collected in the month of June, 2018 at Institute Of Nursing Education, Guru Teg Bahadur Sahib (C) Hospital, Model Town, Ludhiana, Punjab.

 

RESULTS:

As depicted in table 1, from the sample of 50 subjects, most of the subjects 41 (82%) were in the age group of 19-20 years followed by 8 (16%) of the age group of 21-22 years and the remaining 01 (02%) in the age group of 17-18 years. All of the subjects 50 (100%) were female. Regarding their birth order, maximum 26 (52%) subjects belonged to first birth order in their family followed by 15 (30%) in second birth order and remaining 09 (18%) in third birth order. Majority 33 (66%) of subjects were living in rural area followed by urban 16 (32%) in urban area and only 01 (02%) belonged to sub-urban area. Greater 33 (66%) of the subjects belongs to nuclear families while 16 (32%) were living in joint family. Only 01 (02%) was from the extended family. As per their monthly family income, maximum 20 (40%) subjects belonged to the family income group of Rs. 10,001-15000 followed by 15 (30%) who belonged to family income group of Rs. ≥ 15,001 and 13 (26%) belonged to family income group of Rs. 5,001-10,000. Only 2 (4%) subjects belonged to family income group of Rs. ≤ 5000. Furthermore, majority 36 (72%) of subjects gained knowledge on blood donation from books/Magazines/ Newspapers followed by 07 (14%) subjects who gained knowledge from films/T.V while 06 (12%) got same from peer group and remaining 01 (02%) from role play.

 

 

TABLE 1: Percentage distribution of demographic characteristics of the subjects. N = 50

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUBJECTS	FREQUENCY (n)	PERCENTAGE (%)
1. Age (in years) a)        17 – 18 years b)       19 – 20 years c)        21- 22 years d)       23 – 24 years   2. Gender a)        Male b)       Female   3. Birth order in family a)        1st b)       2nd c)        3rd   4. Habitat a)        Rural b)       Urban c)        Sub-urban   5. Type of family a)        Nuclear b)       Joint c)        Extended   6. Monthly family income (In Rupees) a)                  <5000 b)         5001-10000 c)        10001-15000 d)                 >15000   7. Source of information about blood donation a)        Books/Magazines/ Newspaper b)       Films/T.V. c)        Peer group d)       Role play	01 41 08 00     00 50     26 15 09     33 16 01     33 16 01       02 13 20 15       36   07 06 01	02 82 16 00     00 100     52 30 18     66 32 02     66 32 02       04 26 40 30       72   14 12 02

 

Table 2 depicts the value of mean posttest knowledge score (23.78) of subjects regarding blood donation after administration of Structured Teaching Programme was significantly higher than their mean pretest knowledge score (12.64) with a mean gained knowledge score of 11.14 which was statistically significantly higher (p<0.01).

 

Table-2: Comparison of means of pretest and posttest knowledge scores of the subjects regarding blood donation. N = 50

N	Mean knowledge scores				t-value	p-value
	Pre test		Post test
	MEAN	S. D	MEAN	S. D
50	12.64	3.54	23.78	3.75	16.23	0.01

**Highly significant at 1% level.

 

As indicated in Table-3, in pretest, maximum 28 (56%) of subjects have average knowledge scores followed by 19 (38%) which were having poor knowledge scores and 2 (4%) who had very poor knowledge scores. Only 1 (2%) had good knowledge score. None of the subject had very good knowledge score in pretest. After administration of Structured Teaching Programme, the level of post knowledge score of subjects increased as in posttest 24 (48%) of subjects students achieved very good knowledge scores followed by 20 (40%) who had good level of knowledge scores. Only 6 (12%) had average knowledge scores. None of the subjects had poor or very poor level of knowledge scores.

 

Table 3: Frequency and percentage distribution of subjects according to their pretest and posttest level of knowledge scores

Level of Knowlegde Scores	Pre test		Post test
	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Very Good (25-30) Good (19-24) Average (13-18) Poor (7-12) Very poor (0-6)	00 01 28 19 02	00 02 56 38 04	24 20 06 00 00	48 40 12 00 00

 

Table-4 depicts that there is no statistical significant association (p>0.05) between the posttest knowledge scores of the subjects regarding blood donation and their birth order in the family, habitat, type of family and monthly family income.

 

Table-4: Association between the levels of posttest knowledge scores of the subjects and their selected demographic variables.

Selected demographic variables	Levels of posttest knowledge scores					Chi-square value	p-value
	VG	G	A	P	VP
Birth order 1st 2nd 3rd Habitat Rural Urban Suburban Type of family Nuclear Joint Extended Monthly family income (in Rupees) < 5000 5,001- 10,000 10,001- 15000 >15,001	12 08 04   13 10 01   20 04 01   00 05 12 07	12 06 02   12 08 00   11 08 00   01 03 11 05	03 01 02   04 02 00   03 03 00   00 02 01 03	00 00 00   00 00 00   00 00 00   00 00 00 00	00 00 00   00 00 00   00 00 00   00 00 00 00	0.74NS       1.51NS       4.66NS         1.07NS	p>0.05       p>0.05       p>0.05         p>0.05

Key: VG: Very Good (25-30); G: Good (19-24); A: Average (13-18); P: Poor (7-12); VP: Very Poor (0-6);

NS: Not Significant at 5% level

 

 

DISCUSSION:

Table 2 depicts the interpretation of H₁ hypothesis indicating that H₁ hypothesis stands accepted as there was highly significant (p<0.01) difference in the posttest knowledge scores among the college going students compared to their pretest knowledge scores.

 

Table 4 illustrates that H₀ hypothesis was retained as the association between the college going students knowledge scores and their birth order in the family, habitat, type of family and monthly family income was found to be statistically insignificant (p>0.05).

 

The above findings are supported by study conducted by Hemavathy V et al⁶ conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding blood donation among B.Sc. Nursing I year students at Sree Balaji College of Nursing, Chrompet, Chennai. The result of the study concluded that mean and standard deviation of knowledge level score in pre test was 8.87, 1.48 and post test score were 18.47, 2.17. The calculated ‘t’ value was 27.03 which is statistically significant in p value (0.001***). It reveals that there was a significant difference in pre test and post test knowledge score. A similar study was undertaken by Aradhna Sharma et al⁷ among 341 medical students from Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India using a predesigned questionnaire to assess the level of awareness and knowledge regarding blood donation. The overall knowledge on blood donation was average. Majority (88.9%) of students never donated blood. Knowledge level was found higher among old final students (70.3%) and less among 2nd year medical students (48.7%). The study suggests that practice of blood donation can be enhanced by improving knowledge on blood donation among college students.

 

CONCLUSION:

From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that administration of the Structured Teaching Programme on college going students regarding blood donation was effective.

 

REFERENCES:

1.      World Blood Donor Day. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [Internet]. 2018 [updated 2018 June20; cited 2018 June26]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Blood_ Donor_Day

2.      Why Is There A Blood Shortage In India. NDTV. Health. [Internet]. 2017 [updated 2017 June14; cited June26]. Available from:https://www.ndtv.com/health/why-is-there-a-blood-shortage-in-india-1712012

3.      Blood donation in India. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [Internet]. 2018 [updated 2018 June20; cited 2018 June26]. Available from:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_donation_ in_India

4.      National Blood Transfusion Council (NBTC) National AIDS Control Organisation. [Internet]. 2017 [updated 2017 Oct26; cited 2018 July7]. Available from: http://naco.gov.in/national-blood-transfusion-council-nbtc-0

5.      Radheshyam Jadhav. Despite shortage, India discards 1m blood units per year. Times of India. 2017 [updated 2017 Dec28; cited 2018 May23] Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes. com/india/despite-shortage-india-discards-1m-blood-units-per-year/articleshow/62274732.cms?

6.      Hemavathy V., Bini Paul V. J and Nancy M. A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding blood donation among b. sc nursing i year students at Sree Balaji College of Nursing, Chrompet, Chennai. International Journal of Current Advanced Research [Internet]. 2017 Feb; 6(2): 2172-3. Available from: http://www.journalijcar.org/sites/ default/files/issue-files/1222-A-2017.pdf

7.      Aradhna Sharma, Kanchan Bhardwaj, Yasmeen Singh. Knowledge about Blood Donation among Undergraduate Students of GMC, Patiala, Punjab, India. JMSCR. [Internet]. 2017 Apr; 5(4): 21057-62. Available from: http://igmpublication. org/jmscr/v5-i4/208%20jmscr.pdf

 

 

 

Received on 25.11.2018         Modified on 29.12.2018

Accepted on 29.01.2019      ©A&V Publications All right reserved